Atoms that gain or lose electrons are known as what?

Atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged particles, known as ions. When an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes positively charged and is referred to as a cation. Conversely, when an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called an anion. This change in charge occurs because electrons, which are negatively charged, influence the overall electrical balance of the atom. In their neutral state, atoms have an equal number of protons (positively charged) and electrons. However, when this balance is disrupted by the loss or gain of electrons, the atom transitions to an ionic state. This fundamental concept is pivotal in understanding various chemical reactions and bonding behaviors, where ions play a significant role in the formation of compounds.