What is the term for the breakdown of organic molecules?

The term for the breakdown of organic molecules is catabolism. This process involves the degradation of complex molecules into simpler ones, which often releases energy that can be harnessed for various cellular functions. Catabolism plays a crucial role in metabolism, which encompasses all biochemical reactions within an organism, including both catabolic and anabolic processes.

Anabolism, in contrast, refers to the building up of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. Metabolism is the overarching term that includes both catabolic and anabolic processes, but the specific breakdown of organic molecules is distinctly defined as catabolism. Photosynthesis is a separate process where light energy is converted into chemical energy in plants, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, and does not pertain to the breakdown of organic molecules.